The Antimicrobial Activities of Apple Cider Vinegar: A Promising Dental Pulp Disinfectant

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38152911/

Introduction

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in natural remedies for various health issues, including dental care. Apple cider vinegar (ACV) is one such natural remedy that has gained popularity for its potential health benefits. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of commercially available 5% ACV against three common bacteria found in dental infections: Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus casei.

Materials and Methods

To determine the effectiveness of ACV, researchers conducted minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests using the broth microdilution method. A positive control was used, consisting of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), a common disinfectant in dentistry. Comparisons were also made with pure acetic acid (AA), the main ingredient in ACV. Additionally, the three test bacteria treated with the most effective ACV dilution were visualized under a transmission electron microscope (TEM) to observe any structural changes.

Results

The MIC values were determined to be 0.625% ACV against S. mutans and E. faecalis, and 1.25% ACV against L. casei, using two-fold serial dilutions. Furthermore, a concentration of 5 × 10-1% (10-fold serial dilutions) was found to be the MIC value for all three bacteria. No significant differences were observed when compared with the positive control, NaOCl, indicating that ACV had comparable antimicrobial activity. Similarly, there were no significant differences in antimicrobial activities between 5% ACV and 5% pure AA.

MBC was observed to be 5% ACV for both E. faecalis and S. mutans, indicating that this concentration effectively killed the bacteria. However, positive microbial growth was observed on agar plates cultured with L. casei, suggesting that this strain may be more resistant to ACV compared to the other two bacteria. TEM images revealed disruptions in the cell wall and cytoplasmic membranes of all three bacteria at the MIC value, further supporting the antimicrobial properties of ACV.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that apple cider vinegar exhibits antimicrobial activities against E. faecalis, S. mutans, and L. casei, at their respective MIC values. These findings highlight the potential of ACV as an alternative dental pulp disinfectant to sodium hypochlorite. Particularly in pediatric dental pulp therapy and deep caries management, where adequate tooth isolation may be challenging, ACV can be used as a safe alternative to chemical disinfectants. By using ACV, the adverse reactions commonly associated with other disinfectants can be avoided.

Clinical Significance

The use of apple cider vinegar in dental care offers a natural and safe alternative for disinfection purposes. With its antimicrobial properties, ACV can effectively combat bacterial infections, especially in cases where traditional chemical disinfectants are not readily available or suitable. This natural remedy can be particularly beneficial for children, as it reduces the risk of adverse reactions and offers a gentler approach to dental pulp therapy and deep caries management.

Incorporating apple cider vinegar into dental practice can broaden the range of treatment options available to dentists, providing patients with a more holistic and personalized approach to oral health. Further research is warranted to explore the full potential of apple cider vinegar in dentistry and to optimize its effectiveness for various dental procedures.

Disclaimer: It is advisable to consult with a dental professional before incorporating apple cider vinegar into any dental treatment.