Imaging Sci Dent. 2020 Mar;50(1):15-22. doi: 10.5624/isd.2020.50.1.15. Epub 2020 Mar 17.
Abstract
Purpose:
This
study was conducted to objectively and subjectively compare the
accuracy and reliability of 2-dimensional (2D) photography and
3-dimensional (3D) soft tissue imaging.
Materials and Methods:
Facial
images of 50 volunteers (25 males, 25 females) were captured with a
Nikon D800 2D camera (Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), 3D
stereophotogrammetry (SPG), and laser scanning (LS). All subjects were
imaged in a relaxed, closed-mouth position with a normal smile. The 2D
images were then exported to Mirror® Software (Canfield Scientific, Inc,
NJ, USA) and the 3D images into Proplan CMF® software (version 2.1,
Materialise HQ, Leuven, Belgium) for further evaluation. For an
objective evaluation, 2 observers identified soft tissue landmarks and
performed linear measurements on subjects' faces (direct measurements)
and both linear and angular measurements on all images (indirect
measurements). For a qualitative analysis, 10 dental observers and an
expert in facial imaging (subjective gold standard) completed a
questionnaire regarding facial characteristics. The reliability of the
quantitative data was evaluated using intraclass correlation
coefficients, whereas the Fleiss kappa was calculated for qualitative
data.
Results:
Linear and angular measurements carried
out on 2D and 3D images showed excellent inter-observer and
intra-observer reliability. The 2D photographs displayed the highest
combined total error for linear measurements. SPG performed better than
LS, with borderline significance (
P=0.052). The qualitative assessment showed no significant differences among the 2D and 3D imaging modalities.
Conclusion:
SPG
was found to a reliable and accurate tool for the morphological
evaluation of soft tissue in comparison to 2D imaging and laser
scanning.
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